





LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




DOOlSlOHblE 







LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Chap. Copyright No.. 

Shelf..L:2^3_ .5 3 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



AUG 22 loi^o 



'■'■Hurrah for our flag ! 

Our beautiful flag ! 

Our glory and also our boast, 

Its colors so true, 

The red, white and blue, 

Have marshaled many a host." 



FLAG DAYS 



-OF- 



The Twin City Public 
Schools. 



BY 

Martha Louise Brett, 

Teacher in Minneapolis Public Schools. 



A. B. Farnham (Sp*©®,, 

Printers, 
Minneapolis, Minn. 






\2H2H 



Copyrighted, 1898, by M. L. Brett. 
All Bights Reserved. 



2nd CO 'Y, 
1898. 




^0 COPIES RtCtWEO. 



D 



^0 mg Dear ^otbcr, 

wbo loves scbools, cbilDren and teacbers, 

tbi0 little volume 

is affectionately DeOicateD. 



PREFACE. 



Knowing, from experience, that a teacher has all she can do 

to attend to her daily routine of business, and that the fact ot 

such or such a day being f^ag day having escaped her memory, 

the thought often came to me, on the arrival of such a day, that 

if some on.e would only arrange these flag days, with notes on 

the same, for us, who haven't the time to look the matter up 

properly, how relieved we would be. and how much more the 

scholars would be benefited by the results. Well, as that some 

one failed to appeai-. I have taken it upon myself to put my 

thoughts in print, hoping that the teachers and scholars may be 

benefited by my feeble efforts, and that honor may be done to 

the flag day they represent. 

M. L. B. 



SUGGESTIONS. 



On special flag days — ■! say special, because all school days 
in St. Paul are flag days — it would be appropriate and valuable 
to have much of the work of the day done on the subject that 
date represents. For instance, the reading and spelling lessons 
could be obtained from poems, speeches, or from the lives of the 
persons, or the description of the things designated. The 
drawing lesson from some pose representing the subject or 
copying from some sketches. Geography and history can easily 
be obtained from each subject, and very valuable language 
lessons, including spelling, can be found in great abundance. 
Even music can profitably be brought in on these days. 

Should there be a desire to have a program for one of these 
Special days, one can be easily made, beforehand, from reference 
and material found in this book. 

Have some of the scholars, the day before, tastefully drape 
the room with bunting, flags, pictures, mottoes or flowers ap- 
propriate to the day you celebrate. Nothing is prettier or 
more pleasing to the eye and ambition, than to have on the black- 
boards appropriate drawings, drawn by the scholars of the room. 



REMARKS. 



The St. Paul Board of Education, two years ago, moved 
that the United States flag should float over each public school 
building during the entire school session, or school year, and 
taken down at the close of the school year; but was to be raised, 
during the vacation time, on a legal holiday. In the school 
report of the Board of Education of Minneapolis of 1897, it 
says, in Sec. 32, that. "On the days designated by the Superin- 
tendent for the raising of flags, the principal shall see that the 
duty be attended to by the janitor, unless, in his judgment, the 
severity of the weather should make such raising undesirable.'' 

All the public schools of Minneapolis and St. Paul are 
named after some of our most prominent presidents, poets, 
generals and benevolent men. 

Election Day is not a flag day, but is a legal holiday in 
most of the states. It generally occurs on the first Tuesday after 
the first Monday in November of every even year. 

During the war with Spain, 1898, by vote of the Board of 
Education of Minneapolis; the flags on all the public schools 
were raised for an indefinite time. 

Arbor Day, Labor Day, Good Friday and Thanksgiving Day 
are not flag days in Minneapolis, but are observed as holidays, 
and the flags are raised, except on Good Friday. 



CONTENTS. 



Jan. 


I. 


Jan. 


I. 


Jan. 


12. 


Feb. 


12. 


Feb. 


22. 


Feb. 


22. 


Feb. 


27. 


Mar. 


9- 


April 


9. 


April 


15. 


April 


19- 


April 


— . 


April 


30. 


May 


II. 


May 


30. 


June 


17- 


July 


3- 


July 


4- 


July 


23. 


Sept. 


6. 


Sept. 


9- 


Sept. 


19. 


Oct. 


12. 


Oct. 


19- 


Nov. 


19. 


Nov. 


— . 


Dec. 


17- 


Dec. 


22. 


Dec. 


25- 



Page. 
Emancipation Proclamation, . . . 11 

New Year's Day, . . . . . .15 

Invention of Telegraph, .... 17 

Lincoln's Birthday, . . . . -19 

Washington's Birthday, .... 21 

Lowell's Birthday, . . . . -23 

Longfellow's Birthday, .... 25 

Engagement Between Monitor and Merrimac, 27 
Surrender of Appomatax, . . . .29 

Death of Lincoln, (Half-mast), . . 30 

Battle of Lexington, ..... 34 

Arbor Day, . . . . . 36 

Inauguration of First President of U. S., . 38 
Minnesota Admitted as a State, 1858, . 40 

Memorial Day, (Half-mast), . . : . 42 

Battle of Bunker liill, . . . . -44 

Battle of Gettysburg, ..... 46 

Declaration of Independence, . . 49 

Establishment of First School in St. Paul, 51 

Labor Day, 53 

Discovery of St. Anthony Falls, . . • 54 

Death of Garfield, (Half-mast.) . . 56 

Discovery of America, . . . . .60 

Surrender of Cornwallis, .... 64 

Establishment ist Public School in Mpls., , 67 
Thanksgiving Day, ..... 70 

Whittier's Birthday, . . . . .71 

Landing of Pilgrims, ..... 73 

Christmas, . . . . . . -76 

References, . . . ' . . . 78 

Notes, ........ 79 



JANUARY FIRST. 

Emancipation Proclamation. 

During the summer of 1862, President Lincoln prepared 
the original draft which was to set free all slaves within the bor- 
ders of the Confederate States. But, owing to the Union reverses, 
he laid it aside, stating, "That when a victory came he would 
issue it.'"' Still things looked dark to the Unionists. Finally the 
Battle of Antietam was fought, and as the advantage was on our 
side. President Lincoln finished writing the second draft, Sep- 
tember 22, 1862, while staying at the Soldiers' Home. 

He then called the members of his cabinet together, pre- 
sented it. and said, "I made a solemn vow before God, that if 
General Lee was driven back from Maryland, I would crown 
the result by the declaration of freedom to the slaves." 

President Lincoln had prayed most earnestly to God about 
this matter, and after the most calm and careful deliberation, 
made up his mind that, in order to save the Union, he must fr«e 
mankind; and now as he was placed in a position to do so, and 
as it only required a stroke of his picn, he would do it and tTius 
free a whole race for all time to come. 

So, January i, 1863, New Year's Day, was signalized by the 
issue of the Emancipation Proclamation which declared "slavery 
at an end throughout all parts of the country that might be in 
rebellion against the United States." Thus 4,000,000 people 
were set free. 

You will notice that President Lincoln's signature to the 
Proclamation appears somewhat tremulous and uneven. When 
asked the reason for this, the President replied: "Not because 
of any uncertainty or hesitation on my part, but it was just after 
the public reception, and three hours' handshaking is not cal- 
culated to improve a man's chirography." 

The following is a copy of the complete Proclamation: 

"Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the 



12 Fli^g Days of the 

year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a 
proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, 
containing, among other things, the following, to-wit: 

" 'That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord 
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as 
slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people 
whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, 
shall be then, thenceforth and forever free, and the Executive 
Government of the United States, including the military and 
naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom 
of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such 
persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their 
actual freedom. 

" 'That the Executive will, on the first day of January afore- 
said, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, 
if any, in which the people therein respectively shall then be in 
rebellion against the United States, and the fact that any State, 
or the people thereof, shall on that day be in good faith repre- 
sented in the Congress of the United States, by members chosen 
thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters 
of such States shall have participated, shall, in the absence of 
strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence 
that such State or the people thereof are not then in rebellion 
against the United States.' 

"Now, therefore, L Abraham Lincoln, President of the 
United States, by virtue or the power in me vested as Com- 
mander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States 
in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and 
Government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary 
war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on the first day 
of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred 
and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, 
publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days oi 
the first above mentioned order, designate as the States and parts 
of States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day 
in rebellion against the United States the following, to-wit: 
Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, except the parishes of St. Bernard, 



Twin City Public Schools . 13 

Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascen- 
sion, Assumption, Terre Bonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, 
and Orleans, including the City of New Orleans; Mississippi, 
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Caro- 
lina and Virginia, except the forty-eight counties designated 
as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, 
Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann and Norfolk, 
including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and which ex- 
cepted parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this Procla- 
mation were not issued. 

"And by virtue of the pow«r and for the purpose aforesaid, 
I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within 
said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward 
shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United 
States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will 
recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons. 

"And I hereby «njoin upon the people so declared to be 
free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence, 
and I recommend to them that in all cases, when allowed, they 
labor faithfully for reasonable wages. 

"And I further declare and make known that such persons of 
suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the 
United States to garrison forts, positions, stations and other 
places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. 

"And upon this, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, 
warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke 
the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of 
Almighty God. 

"In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused 
the seal of the United States to be affixed. 

"Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, 
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and (L. S.) 
sixty-three, and of the Independence of the United States of 
America the eighty-seventh." 

"By the President: 

"ABRAHAM LINCOLN." 

"WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State." 



14 J^^^'^S' I^<iys of the 

In January, 1865, Congress finally voted for an amendment to 
the Constitution which is consecrated by the 13th, abolishing 
slavery: and by the end of the year this had been approved by 
an overwhelming majority of the State Legislatures. 

"Art. XII.. Sec. I.: Neither slavery nor involuntary servi- 
tude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall 
have been duly convicted, shall exist withiti the United State? 
or any place subject to their jurisdiction." 

Also the right to vote as citizens was given to the poor 
negroes by Congress. 

"Art. XV., Sec. I.: The right of the citizens of the United 
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the Unitea 
States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous 
condition of servitude." 



Twifi City Public Schools. 15 

JANUARY FIRST. 

New Year's Day. 

The celebration of the commenoement of New Year's Day 
by some religious observance, accompanied by festive rejoicing, 
dates, from high antiquity. The Jews, the Egyptians, the Chinese, 
the Romans and the Mohammedans all regarded it as a day of 
special interest, although differing as to the time of the celebra- 
tion. 

The Jews celebrated it as the anniversary of Adam's birthday, 
and still continue to do so at the present time, with splendid 
entertainments. 

The Romans made this a holiday and dedicated it to Janus, 
with rich and numerous sacrifices. Janus was a Latin deity, 
having two faces, looking in opposite directions. In times ot 
war his temple doors were kept open; in times of peace, 
closed. It is recorded that the gates were kept open eight times. 
Romulus is said to have founded the temple. 

All newly elected magistrates entered upon their offices on 
this day, and the people made presents of gilt figs, dates and 
plums to their friends, the Emperor also receiving presents from 
his subjects, which became later compulsory to give. 

On the establishing of Christianity, the usage of a solemn 
inauguration of the New Year was retained; but, as to the man- 
ner of observing it, and to the time of observation, it differed 
greatly. Sometimes the celebration of Christmas Day, or the 
25th of March, Annunciation Day, Easter Day. or the ist of 
March, would share with the ist of January. 

It was not till late in the i6th century that the ist of January 
was universally accepted as the first day of the new year. 

The early fathers, Chrysostom, Ambrose, Augustine and 
others, prohibited the Christians the use of all festive celebra- 
tions, stating that they were paganish; but, on the contrary, sub- 
stituted prayer, fasting and humiliation for the opening of the 



1 6 ^^^i'^g Days of the 

Christian year. This was partially observed, and is to the pres- 
ent day. But the festival and social character predominated then 
and now. 

In many countries the night of New Year's Eve, "St. Syl- 
vester's Eve," was celebrated with great festivity till twelve 
o'clock, when, with congratulations, complimentary visits and 
mutual wishes for a "Happy New Year," th* new year ijvas 
ushered in. This is an ancient Scottish custom, prevailing in 
Germany also. 

The practice of tolling the bells at midnight and ringing 
the new year in is still observed in many places. The custom of 
celebrating the New Year's Day by calling on friends, making 
New Year's calls, we owe to the Dutch; but this custom is rapidly 
falling into desuetude. 

New Year's Day is a legal holiday in all states except Ken- 
tucky, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire and Rhode 
Island. 



Twin City Public Schools. 17 

JANUARY TWELFTH. 

Invention of Telegraph. 



Samuel F. B. Morse, LL. D., an artist, inventor and eldest 
son of Rev. J. Morse, D. D., was born at Charleston, Mass., 
April 27, 1791. He graduated from Yale College and in 1810 
studied portrait painting in Europe with Washington Allston 
and Benjamin West. Received, in 1813, a gold medal for his 
artistic work. Among his paintings is a full length portrait of 
Gen. Lafayette. 

On returning to New York he founded the National Acad- 
emy of Design, in 1825, and became its first president, and 
professor of arts and designs. After his second visit to Europe, 
he became discouraged in regard to his paintings and, during 
twelve years of poverty, he pursued his studies on the properties 
of the "electro magnet," and chemistry, and more than once had 
great hopies of his invention. 

He went to France to witness the electrical experiments in 
Paris; and on his return home in company with his friend. Prof. 
Jackson, a word dropped during their conversation that took 
deep hold of Morse, and he proposed, to himself, to develop the 
idea, and, before the end of the voyage, he had drawn out the 
general plan of the system that oow bears his name. He could 
hardly wait till he reached home, so anxious was he to give it a 
trial. 

January 12, upon a wire half a mile in length, he tried his 
experiment and found it worked nicely. 

In 1837 he applied for a patent for his magnetic telegraph, 
but did not receive it until 1840. He petitioned Congress for 
money to experiment, at a distance, with his telegraph, but was 
refused. He then applied to England, but was also refused. 

In 1843, as he had almost given up in despair of ever rec^v- 



1 8 P^l'^S Days of the 

ing anything in the way of help. Congress, at midnight, and in 
the last moments of the session, appropriated $30,000 for an ex- 
perimental line between Washington, D. C. and Baltimore. 
The telegraph was tested on this line May 24, 1844, and revealea 
what has been called "the greatest triumph of human genius 
over space and time." 

The first message sent over the wire, at a distance of forty 
miles, and at a cost of $30,000. was the proceedings of the con- 
vention that nominated Mr. Polk for the presidency of the United 
States. 

For this telegraphic invention Morse was rewarded by testi- 
monials, honors, orders of nobility, wealth, and was banqueted by 
Europe and America. Even the sovereigns of Europe pre- 
sented him with $80,000. 

Telegraphic wires soon threaded the country in all directions, 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and were soon introduced in all 
parts of the civilized world. 

There are at present over a hundred thousand miles of tele- 
graphic wire in operation, and the recording electric telegraph 
and Morse's alphabet are used on 95 per cent, of all the 
wires in the world. 

Mr. Morse's alphabet is very simple, consisting of "dots and 
dashes marked by a steel pricker upon a sheet of paper, uncoiled 
beneath it by clock-work mechanism." 

Mr. Morse's invention is the simplest of all electric tele- 
graphs, as it only requires a single wire and is self-recording 
and printing. 

In the United States there are over 125,564 miles of wire and 
the number of messages sent since its invention is over 12.000,000. 
at a cost of millions of dollars. The number of poles used for 
these wires per mile varies from twenty to twenty-two on minor 
lines, and from twenty-six to thirty on main lines. 

The origination of the submarine telegraphy is also claimed 
by Mr. Morse. He took part in laying the first Atlantic cable 
in 1857. 

Mr. Morse died in New York. April 2, 1872. 



Twill City Public Schools. 19 

FEBRUARY TWELFTH. 

Lincoln's Birthday.'^ 

Called ''Honest Abe," "The Railsplitter" and "The Martyr 
President." Motto: "With malice towards none and charity 
for all." 

Abraham Lincoln, a tall, ungainly man, little versed in the 
refinements of society, but gifted by nature with great common 
sense, kind, earnest, sympathetic, faithful, democratic and only 
anxious to serve his country and mankind, was born of English 
ancestry in a little log-house in Hardin county, Ky., February 
12, 1809. His father was very poor and was unable to read or 
write his own name, and his dear mother, and companion, died 
when Abe was quite young. So, all through his boyhood life Abe 
had nothing but hardships and toil, receiving only a very meager 
education, attending school less than a year during his whole life, 
although he had learned to read almost as soon as he had learneu 
to walk. 

After the death of his mother, 1818, his father married again, 
1819, and Sally Bush was a good, faithful stepmother to little 
Abe and his sister, Sarah. 

At eight years of age Abe's father moved to Indiana, the 
family floating down the Ohio river on a raft. Here Abe helped 
his father build a log-house and worked as a hired boy on a 
neighbor's farm. In 1830 the family moved again, going to Illi- 
nois, this time moving by means of a wagon driven by oxen. 
Here we find Abe splitting rails for a living, or working on a 
flatboat, or as a clerk in a country store; later a postmaster, sur- 
veyor, and finally captain of a company of volunteers in the Black 
Hawk War. 

Abe was very fond of reading and studying and, although 
he had no time to do so in the day, he would do so in the quiet 

*See Death of Lincoln and Emancipation Proclamation in this 
book. 



20 I"l(ig Days of the 

hours of the night. In this way he studied law, borrowing books 
in the evening and returning them again in the morning. The 
very first book he read, when a boy, was the "Life of Washing- 
ton." 

He was finally admited to the bar and began the practice of 
law in 1836. When twenty-five j-ears old, he was elected a mem- 
ber of the Illinois Legislature, where he remained for a number 
of years, having been elected three times as a member. After 
this he was sent to Congress, where, on January 12, he made his 
first speech. From now on he rapidly rose to distinction, and 
finally, when they were looking around for a wise man for the 
President of the United States, as the country was in such a state 
of excitement about slavery, the people began to say: "Why 
not choose Abraham Lincoln of Illinois?" So, on May 16, i860, 
Lincoln was nominated President of the United States, and was 
inaugurated March 4, 1861. The tone of his inaugural address 
was taken by the Secessionists as a challenge of war. War 
seamed inevitable and, in order to save the Union, Lincoln issued 
his Emancipation Proclamation, January i, 1863, which set free 
all the slaves in the Union, and for this Lincoln lost his life, 
being shot by J. Wilkes Booth, April 14, 1865, while attending a 
play, on Friday evening, at Ford's Theater. 

He died, in Washington, D. C, April 15, 1865, greatly be- 
loved and mourned by all who knew him. It is said of him that 
"his wan, fatigued face and his bent form told of the cares he 
bore and the grief he felt." He was never known to smile, but 
was full of jokes which made others smile. 

He married, November 4. 1842, Mary Todd, and had three 
children, all boys, only one of whom. Robt. T. Lincoln, of Chi- 
cago, 111., is still living. 

During the Civil War Lincoln called twelve times for volun- 
teers, some to serve for three to six months, others for one, 
two and three years. In all he called for 2,942,748 and received 
2,690,401. 

Lincoln's Birthday is a legal holiday in the states of Illinois. 
Minnesota. New York. New Jersey. Washington, Connecticut. 
Pennsylvania and North Dakota. 



Twin City Public Schools. 



FEBRUARY TWENTY-SECOND. 

Washington's Birthday." 



Called "The Father of His Country." 

Last Words: "I die hard; but I am not afraid to go." 

George Washington, the commander-in-chief of the Ameri- 
can forces in the Revolutionary War, the president of the con- 
vention that framed the Constitution of the United States, the 
hero of Valley Forge and Yorktown, and the first President ot 
the United States, was born of wealthy English parentage, in 
Westmoreland county, Va., February 12, 1732. 

In early life, George was well trained in truthfulness, out- 
door exercises and education. At the age of twelve, George's 
dear father died, leaving George, his mother and four brothers 
well provided for. At the age of thirteen, George wrote, for his 
own use, one hundred and ten maxims of civility and good be- 
havior; and, at fourteen years old, he wanted to go to sea and take 
part in the war between France and Spain. His mother had his 
trunk packed and the British vessel was ready to carry him 
away, when, on seeking his mother to bid her good-bye, he found 
her weeping for him. He being a brave, good boy, said, "O 
mother, mother, I will not go; I will stay with you until I am a 
grown up man," and he did. 

In 1748 he showed great care and accuracy in surveying the 
grounds of Lord Fairfax. He was scarcely twenty-two years 
old when his country needed him, and his military genius was 

*See Inauguration of first President of the United States, Sur- 
render of Cornwallis and the Declaration of Independence in 
this book. 



22 Fi<^g Days of the 

greatly shown in the French and Indian War of America. 

In 1759 lie married Mrs. Martha Curtiss. a rich widow lady. 
He now resigned his military appointments to become a country 
gentleman, owning a large plantation and one hundred and 
twenty-five slaves. In his will it is stated that his slaves should 
have their freedom after his and his wife's death. His wife died 
three years after her husband. 

George Washington was a man a little over six feet in height, 
had brown hair, blue eyes, large head and strong arms; was an 
athlete, a bold, graceful rider and hunter; was gracious, gentle, 
cool, reserved and truthful. He was very dignified and paid 
great attention to his personal appearance; was childless, but 
had very happy domestic relations. 

He was elected to the House of Burgesses and later to the 
General Congress at Philadelphia, and until the crisis at Lexing- 
ton had opposed most strongly the separation from England, 
but when war was inevitable, in June, 1775, he gladly acquiesced 
to become the commander-in-chief of the newly-formed army, 
and although discouraged and defeated many times, he proved 
himself "first in war." 

Through the help of the French troops, in 1781, Washington 
compelled the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, practically 
putting an end to the Revolutionary War. 

After the adoption of the Federal Constitution he was elected 
the first President of the United States, and after a prosperous 
administration of eight years he retired to his home at Mt. 
Vernon, where he died December 14, 1799. 

He was greatly mourned by all. even his enemies, and he 
W'ell deserves the record of being "first in peace, first in war and 
first in the hearts of his countrymen." 

Washington's Birthday is a legal holiday in all states except 
Arkansas, Iowa and Mississippi. 



Twin City Public Schools. 23 

FEBRUARY TWENTY- SECOND. 

Lowell's Birthday. 



James R. Lowell, an American poet, who was most admired 
by the English people, was born in the delightful old Revolu- 
tionary parsonage of Elmwood, Cambridge, Mass., February 22, 
1819. 

His family consisted of great and good men. His mother, 
a good woman, later became insane. Lowell wrote a poem on 
"The Darkened Mind," which refers to his dearly beloved mother. 

Lowell was the youngest of five children, had a happy child- 
hood, and after a brief experience in a district school, was sent 
to a boys' academy in Cambridge. Here he received the greater 
part of his education; until, at the age of sixteen, he entered 
Harvard College. 

Lowell spent most of his time in the family library reading, 
as he did not care for his studies. At an early age he began to 
write poetry and was appointed class poet while in college. . 
He liked to write rhymes better than he liked to study, and his 
father, fearing he would neglect his studies for his poetry, beg- 
ged James not to write any more; so, to please his father, he gave 
up writing, studied harder and graduated from Harvard, then 
began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1840, 
practiced a short time and then gave it up for his literary calling. 

In 1844 he married Maria White, a beautiful, cultured and 
poetical woman. "The Alpine Sheep" and "The Morning Glory" 
are poems written by her. They had several children; all died 
except a little girl, who lived to grow up to womanhood. His 
poems, "The Changeling" and "The First Snow Fall," are about 
his little children. 



24 ^'^^^.^ Days of tlie 

In 185 1 he and his wife went to Europe to stud}'. On re- 
turning home he devoted himself to his Hterary work, writing 
many funny stories about slavery, which attracted much atten- 
tion. These are called the "Bigelow Papers." 

One of his best poems is "The Vision of Sir Launfal," written 
in less than two days, and during which time he neither ate nor 
slept. It teaches us noble lessons of true charity. 

In his poem, "The Fable for Critics," he describes, very 
kindly, Longfellow's, Whittier's, Bryant's and many other poet?' 
(including himself) manner of writing. "After the Burial" is a 
poem written by Lowell, showing his great sorrow for his dearly 
beloved wife, who had recently died. 

As Lowell was appointed to succeed Longfellow as professor 
in Harvard College, he went to Europe to prepare himself for 
his work. On returning home he married another charming 
woman, Francis Dunlap, who was very fond of his little daughter. 

In 1857 he became the editor of the Atlantic Monthly and had 
great influence in public afifairs during the Civil War. He wrote 
"The Commemoration Ode" during the war, and afterwards 
read it at the opening of the new hall which was built in memory 
of the many soldiers who died during the war. 

After the war he led a quiet life at Elmwood, reading, writing, 
walking and taking care of his garden, until he was called into 
public life by being appointed Minister to Spain in 1877 and 
later to England in 1880. While in England, he was welcomed 
and honored by all who knew him. 

On the death of his wife, he returned to America and lived 
with his daughter and her children at Elmwood, lecturing now 
and then at Cambridge. He died at Cambridge in 1891. 

Lowell was not obliged to write for a living, as he had plenty 
of money, but did so because he loved to write, had the talents, 
and thought it his duty and aim to make men better. It is said 
of him that "he knew the songs of every bird, so familiar was he 
with them, also the names of the flowers and where each grew." 



Twin City Public Schools. 25 



FEBRUARY TWENTY-SEVENTH. 

Longfellow's Birthday. 



Called "The Children's Poet." 

Henry W. Longfellow, the most popular of American 
poets, and considered the most famous American translator of 
Dante, was born in Portland, Me., February 27, 1807. He is a 
descendant of the famous Puritan, Priscilla. 

At the age of fourteen, he entered Bowdoin College and 
graduated four years after. He then entered his father's law 
office and began the study of law, but as he had been offered 
the professorship of foreign language and literature at Bowdoin 
College, he went to Europe to prepare himself better for his du- 
ties. 

He was married twice; first, in 1831, to Miss Potter, who was 
burned to death while in Europe in 1835, and second, in 1843, to 
Francis Appleton, who was the mother of his five children. 

His literary work began when he was quite young, and in- 
creased in value and thought as he grew older. Many of his 
poems are from a personal standpoint, and are valuable as such, 
although the imaginative poems are very attractive. It is said ot 
him that "he was free from the faults of many literary men; his 
serene and amiable disposition never subjected him to envy or 
jealousy." 

Washington's old headquarters at Cambridge was where 
Longfellow spent most of his time, while in America, and did 
most of his writing, even up to the time of his death. He died 
here March 24, 1882. 

Among his many friends are found such men as Emerson, 



26 F^^g Days of the 

Hawthorne. Holmes. Lowell and Agassiz. of whom he has writ- 
ten much. Among his writings are: "Evangeline," "Hiawatha." 
"Courtship of Miles Standish." "Voices of the Night." "Tales of 
a Wayside Inn," "Excelsior," "Building of the Ship," "Poems 
on Slavery," "The Psalm of Life." "Outre Mer." "Hyperion," 
"The Spanish Student" and "Paul Revere's Ride." 

In 1882 the school children of the city of Albany, N. Y., each 
contributed ten cents towards a beautiful monument to their dear 
poet's memory. Each child received a beautiful steel-engraved 
card with a verse and the poet's picture on, and were to have 
their names inscribed on the poet's monument. 



Iwin City Public Schools. 27 



MARCH NINTH. 

Engagement Between Monitor and 
Merrimac. 



Thirty-five years ago, in Hampton Roads, the most remark- 
able naval battle was fought between the ^Monitor and the Merri- 
mac, March ,9, 1863. 

The Merrimac, the Confederate vessel, was made of heavy 
oak timber, covered with old railroad iron, and formed a roof-like 
honse; a ram of oak and iron, thirty-three feet long, projected 
from a heavy false bow. She carried four eighty-pound rifle can- 
non, and was commanded by Capt. Buchanan. The Monitor, 
or "Yankee Cheese Box," as it was called, was commanded by 
Lieut. John L. Worden, and had just been built by Captain Erics- 
son. It was the first one of its kind, and was a flat-bottomed 
float, one hundred and twenty-four feet long, with a deck a few 
inches above the water, and carried a curious revolving tower in 
the center. It was made of wood, covered with iron, the deck 
and turret-roof being bomb-proof. It carried two 168-pound 
guns, which it could turn in any direction it wished, and the 
smokestack could be lowered out of harm's way when necessar>. 
It had an artificial means of ventilation, which admitted the air, 
but prevented the water from coming in. It was only one-fifth 
the size of the Merrimac, and its burden was 900 tons. 

During the beginning of March, the Confederate iron-clad, 
Merrimac, had been playing havoc with the Union fl.eet, destroy- 
ing everything that came in its way. But on the morning of the 
9th of Mai-ch, 1863, as the Merrimac steamed out of its harbor 



28 Fl'^g Days of the 

at Norfolk into Hampton Roads to destroy the Union fleet which 
was there, it encountered an unexpected, queer looking an- 
tagonist, which hurled its monster two i68-pound balls into the 
Merrimac. This was the "Cheese Box" Monitor. 

The JNLerrimac returned the salute with force, tjiat, had 
it been another vessel, would have doomed it, but as it was. 
the Confederate balls onl}' rattled harmlessly on the deck of the 
little Monitor, doing no harm. 

The Merrimac finding this of no avail, ran close against the 
Monitor, and for five hours they exchanged heavy volleys of 
shot and shell. Five times did the Merrimac try to run down the 
Monitor with her huge iron beak, but it only grated over the 
deck of the A'lonitor. Every time the Monitor would glide 
gracefully out unharmed. 

The Merrimac, now finding that she could do nothing with 
her doughty little antagonist, and as she was getting the worst 
of it, gave up the fight and steamed back to Norfolk so disabled 
that she was never used again. 

While steaming away, she let fly a shot which struck the 
Monitor's pilot house, breaking an iron bar nine by twelve inches 
and s.eriously injuring the eyes of Lieut. Worden, the gallant 
commander, who was at that moment peering out through a 
narrow slit directing the firing of his guns. 

The b'attle was a great victory for the Unionist, and on it 
hinged the war. 



Twin City Public Schools. 29 

APRIL NINTH. 

Surrender gf Appomatox. 



After a long and gallant contest, with his resolute and able 
adversary, General Robt. E. Lee, with only the wreck of his 
proud array of soldiers who had dealt the Union army so many 
crushing blows during the Civil War, surrendered the Con- 
federate army to General Grant at Appomattox Court House 
April 9, 1865, an event which caused the greatest joy throughout 
the North and eventually put a stop to the Civil War. 

General Lee, after abandoning Petersburg and Richmond, 
which the Union army took possession of, retreated westward, 
hoping to join Johnston in North Carolina, but was hotly pursued 
by the combined forces of Grant and Sheridan. Several partial 
engagements were fought during their long race, and at one 
time it seemed as if it would end in one of the bloodiest tragedies 
of the Civil War. Lee, on finding that his army was completely 
surrounded by the Union forces and that further advances wiere 
out of the question, accepted the terms which General Grant had 
already sent, demanding the surrender of Appomattox. The 
terms were: "That the officers and men were allowed to go home 
on their paroles not to take up arms against the United States, 
and the officers were to retain their private baggage and horses." 
Many of the soldiers rode their own horses, so were allowed to 
keep them to help them in their future work at home. 

So the remains of the grand army of Virginia, consisting of 
about 8.000 men. laid down their arms near Appomattox Court 
House and then homeward turned, "no longer Confederate 
soldiers, but American citizens." 

Bj' the end of May of the same year all the Confederate 
forces, had surrendered and the War of 1861 was a thing of the 
past. 



30 ^^^^i,K' I^(fy^ cf the 



APRIL FIFtEENTM. 

Death of Lincoln."^ 



Called '"The Saviour" and "The Liberator of a Race." 

President Lincoln appointed the 14th of April, 1865, as a 
day of thanksgiving, it being the anniversary of the surrender 
of Fort Sumpter. 

Every arrangement was being made to make it a glorious 
event, and Major Anderson, who so nobly defended the United 
States flag, was to raise again the old tattered emblem that the 
rebels had compelled him to haul down just four years ago. 

The nation was tilled with joy at the prospect, and dis- 
tinguished men, as Grant and Colfax, were to be present. No one 
felt more devoutly thankful than did President Lincoln. The 
terrible war was over and peace and harmony were now going to 
prevail. 

President Lincoln took breakfast with his son, Robert T., 
who had witnessed tlie surrender of General Lee to Genera! 
Grant, and was relating all the particulars, which were very inter- 
esting to his father. Later on. President Lincoln met General 
Grant and they talked matters over. After this meeting the 
President made arrangements to attend the theater in the even- 
ing, this being 'a favorite pastime of the President's when very 
tired. 

He talked pleasantly with his wife during the day about 
the terrible storm of war he had passed through, and of the 
bright and peaceful future dawning upon him. When evening 

*Se€ his Life and Proclamation in this book. 



Twin City Public Schools. 31 

came, President Lincoln found that Genieral Grant had to leave 
town, so he invited Major Rathbone, Senator Harris and 
dai;ghter to accompany him to the theater. Lincoln said 
"he would be glad to stay at home, but as the audience were 
expecting both General Grant and himself, he did not like to 
disappoint them altogether." So he went, sacrificing himself 
to please others. About eight o'clock his carriage came and he 
and his wife drove off for their guests, and then proceeded to 
Ford's Theater. The play was, "The American Cousin." 

The President sat in a high rocking chair with his back to 
the door, in the corner of the box nearest to the audience. The 
door of the box was guarded by a messenger outside and was 
situated on the second floor. It, as well as the whole building, 
was prettily draped with American flags. About half past ten, 
J. Wilkes Booth, an actor and fanatical secessionist, came along 
the passageway, showed his card to the messenger, who allowed 
him to pass by. Booth stepped in the vestibule of the President's 
box, shut and barred the door quietly, then stealing stealthily 
up behind the President's chair, drew a small silver-mounted 
pistol and shot the President through the back of the head. 
The President never uttered a sound. Everybody that heard the 
report thought it was some" part of the play, except Major Rath- 
bone, who saw through the smoke a man, and attempted to 
seize him, but Booth stabbed him in the shoulder with a long, 
double-edged dagger. As soon as he had done this. Booth 
rushed to the front of the box, brandished his dagger and shout- 
ing, "Sic semper tyrannis," which meant, "Thus ever to tyrants." 
He then leaped, shouting, "The South is avenged," from the 
box to the stage, and in so doing, his spur caught in the Amer- 
ican flag, "a mute avenger of the nation's chief," and he fell, 
breaking his leg. Darting as quickly as he could behind the 
scenes, he escaped through a back door and out into the street; 
jumping on a horse that was waiting for him, he rode rapidly 
into Maryland. He was at length overtaken in. a barn, and as 
he would not surrender himself, the building was fired to drive 
him out, but he remained inside and was shot from without by 
the soldiers. 



32 i"^l<^g Days of tJie 

The accomplices of Booth were arrested, tried and convicted. 
Harrold, Payne, Atzerott and Mrs. Surratt were hanged July 7, 
1865; Arnold, Mudd and McLaughlin imprisoned for life, while 
Spangler was sentenced for six years. The ropes which these 
prisoners were hanged with are to be seen at Libby Prison. 
Chicago; also the blood-stained sheets and bed on which Lincoln 
had lain. 

The President was removed to a house on the opposite side 
of the street and physicians and surgeons were summoned, but 
the wound was mortal. Twenty-two minutes past seven Saturday 
morning, April 15, 1865, Abraham Lincoln passed from this 
world into the next, where his reward awaited him. 

At the same time as the assassination af President Lincoln, 
Secretary Seward and the other cabinet officers were in danger 
of their lives, as the villain had planned to rid the country of all 
the high officials. 

The death of Lincoln was a national one. It seemed as if 
a dear friend lay dead in every house. Everything seemed to 
stand still and black bunting and flags were seen flying every- 
where. 

Directly after his death, his body was embalmed and carried 
to the White House and placed in the* green room. It remained 
there till Wednesday, when it was placed in the east room, where 
the Episcopal services -were read. After these simple services, 
his body was escorted by a stately train to the capitol, where 
thousands of people came to take the last fond look at their 
beloved "Martyred Chief." The whole immense building, from 
the ground to the dome of the capitol, inside and out, was heavily 
draped in mourning. 

His remains, together with those of his beloved son, Willie, 
were then removed to Springfield, 111., their former home. 

A magnificent funeral car was prepared, and a guard was 
selected from the Veterans' Reserve Corps, which, with a large 
company of inyted gentlemen, formed the escort. The engine 
and train were draped in black, and the rate of speed was re- 
stricted. A pilot engine steamed ahead to prevent accident. 
This great funeral procession passed over a distance of more than 



Twin City Public Schools. 33 

a thousand miles, passing through large cities, thus allowing the 
people to gaze upon the martyred dead. 

Thus, he who a little more than four years ago was com- 
paratively an unknown man, and who was obliged to enter 
Washington in disguise, under the cover of night, for fear of 
assassination, now went forth, a mighty conqueror, his pathway 
of a thousand miles strewn with the rarest flowers and bedewed 
with a nation's tears. 

He was laid to rest in Oak Ridge cemetery. May 4, 1865, 
mourned not only by his own country, but by England, France, 
Russia, Italy, Prussia, Belgium, Turkey, Austria, Switzerland 
and many other civilized countries. 



34 I^^"S Days of the 

APRIL NINETEENTH. 

Battle of Lexington. 



The first blood shed in the Revohitionary War was on April 
*9, I775i at Lexington, a little town about ten miles northwest ot 
Boston, on the road to Concord. 

The patriots had collected stores of ammunition at Concord, 
and it was the object of the British to destroy these, and to cap- 
ture Samuel Adams and John Hancock, both of whom were re- 
garded as "Arch Rebels." 

So in the still of the night, April i8th, the British, command- 
ed by Lieut. -Col. Smith, marched out of Boston, on their way 
to Concord, making no noise. They did not intend that the 
Americans should know that they were coming. Nevertheless the 
Americans discovered it and Dr. Warren sent Paul Revere across 
the Charles River at midnight, to tell the country people the 
British were coming. 

The news sped like the wind. Guns were fired, bells rang 
and drums beat; and every man and boy, old or young, filled their 
pockets with bullets, and were ready to fight. 

Capt. Parker had told his men, these farmer boys, not to 
fire first, but wait and see what the regulars would do; besides, 
the poor Americans didn't have ammunition enough. 

About four o'clock in the morning, April 19, 1775, Thad 
Bowman, an American patriot, rode furiously up to the Com- 
mons, and cried out: "Here they come. The British are com- 
ing!" 

The order was given by Capt. Parker to beat the drums, and 
the British took this as a challenge. In a moment 800 British sol- 



Tuntt Ci/y Public Schools. 35 

diers marched in sight of the Americans' little band of less than 
100, and at double quick time advanced, shouting and firing. 

The Americans were ordered to lay down their arms, and on 
their disregarding this order, were fired upon by the British. 
The Americans returned the fire. Several men were killed and 
wounded. One of our brave men, named Jonas Parker, said he 
would never run from the regulars, and he never did; even after 
he was wounded he fought like a tiger, until a cowardly red-coat 
ran him through with a bayonet. 

The British again took up their march towards Concord, 
where they took possession of the village and destroyed the 
stores; such stores of ammunition as they could find, as the great- 
er part of them had already been removed b> the American pa- 
triots. At night it was found that the British had lost 7:^ killed, 
174 wounded and 26 missing; while the Americans lost 49 killed, 
39 wounded and five missing. Two hundred and seventy-thr.ee 
to ninety-three. It was not a bad beginning for the American 
farmer boys, who had never been trained in military tactics. 

On a monument which stands near this battle scene of I77S, 
are these words written by Emerson: 

"By the rude bridge that arched the flood. 
Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, 
Here once the embattled farmer stood. 
And fired the shot heard round the world." 

The anniversary of the battle of Lexington, April 19. is ob- 
served as a legal holiday in Massachusetts each year. 



36 Flag Days of the 



APRIL. 

Arbor Day. 



To ex-Gov. J. Sterling Morton, of Nebraska, the honor oi 
originating Arbor Day belongs. For what with the endless prai- 
ries and the woodman's ax, man and animal life would have been 
unbearable had it not been for Mr. Morton's happy thought of 
renii-dying these conditions. So, at his suggestion "that the 
school children be allowed to plant trees and flowers once a year," 
a pioclamation, the first of its kind, was issued in Nebraska iri 
the year 1872 for the observance of such a day. 

Over 12,000,000 trees were planted on the plains of Nebraska 
that year, and the next year it was enacted in the laws as a legai 
holiday for the purpose of setting out orchards, forests, ornamen- 
tal trees and flowers. 

Premiums and medals were also awarded to those who set out 
the greatest number of trees that day. So the prairies of Ne- 
braska, extending for over three hundred miles west of the Mis- 
souri River, are provided to-day with over 600.000,000 trees, where 
only a few years ago nothing in the way of a tree could be seen 
in these parts, except along the streams. 

The grand example which Nebraska set has been followed 
by her sister states, Kansas being the first to observe it, others 
soon following. 

In 1876 Arbor Day was first observed in Minnesota, and over 
a million and a half of trees were set out on that day. 

At the National Educational Convention of 1886 it was unani- 
mously adopted, "That all states should have an Arbor Day." 



Twin City Public Schools. 37 

This day is set apart for the purpose of planting trees and flowers, 
and is generally appointed by the governor of that state, the time 
differing in each state. 

Beginning with the second week in February, Arbor Day is 
observed in the Southern States, and in March, April and May in 
the Middle, Western and Northern. In Minnesota it is usually 
observed the latter part of April of .each year. 

It is the custom of the school children to plant trees or flow- 
ers on the school grounds, and then name them after some poet, 
especially those whose works have the love of nature in them. 
Such poets are Lucy Larcom, Celia Thaxter, Alice Cary, Lowell, 
Longfellow, Holmes, Bryant and Whittier. 

Whittier speaks of the white ash, arbutus and palm; Holmes 
of the maple and elm; Lowell of the birch, willow, elm, oak. 
pine and violets; the Cary sisters of the basswood; Bryant of the 
oak, apple and yew; Longfellow of the maple; Emerson of the 
ironwood, while Dickens speaks of the ivy and Burns of the daisy. 

The ages of trees vary, yet all seem to live a long time. The 
elm lives over 300 years, the maple 355 years, while the spruce, 
oak and yew live thousands of years. 

The state flower of Minnesota is the "Bitter-root." 



38 Fl<^g Days of the 



APRIL THIRTIETH. 

Inauguration of First President of the 
United States. 



The next step after the Constitution had been approved by 
the requisite number of states, was to choose a president and a 
vice-president. 

From one end of the country to the other came the voice, 
"Washington is the father of his country. He defended us in 
times of danger; he will preserve us in times of peace." 

A messenger came and told him, soon after, "That all hearts 
turned instinctively to him and that he was the unanimous choice 
of the people for President of the Un-ited States." 

Washington regretted deeply having to leave his quiet home 
at Mt. Vernon for the tumult of political life, but he felt it his 
duty to do so again. 

In those days there were no railroads, so Washington had to 
be driven to the seat of government, which was then in the City 
of New York. So he got in his beautiful coach, which was driven 
by several splendid horses, and drove to the capitol, where he was 
to take the oath of office. 

On his way to New York, every city and village through 
which he had to pass was decorated with flags, flowers, and even 
arches. Cannon were fired, bells rang, and crowds greeted him 
everywhere. Fathers shouted, mothers wept, young maidens 
sang songs of rejoicing and children strewed flowers in his path- 
way. 

All these demonstrations filled the heart of Washington with 



Twin City Public Schools. 39 

gratitude and thankfulness for the past and hope for the future 
of his country. 

On the balcony of the old Federal Hall building, in the City 
of New York, Washington took the oath of office to support the 
Constitution of the United States. 

This old site is the present site of the Subtreasury building 
of the United States. Here, also, was organized the Federal 
Congress, which was to take the place of the old Continental 
Congress that had carried the nation successfully through its 
eight years of war. 

So on the 30th of April, 1789, Washington was inaugurated 
the first President of the United States. He was elected for four 
years, and when his term expired the people elected him again, 
and would gladly have elected him a third time, but he refused to 
serve any longer. 

John Adams was chosen Vice-President, and the members ol 
Washington's cabinet were Thomas Jefiferson, Alexander Hamil- 
ton, Major-General Henry Knox and Edmund Randolph, all able 
and learned men. 



40 I'^l^^g Days of the 

MAY ELEVENTH. 

Minnesota Admitted as a State. 



jNliiinesota was the nineteenth territory that applied for admis- 
sion to the Union. She was admitted May ii, 1858, being the 
seventh of the Northwestern States to ask for admission. 

The State of Minnesota was a part of the vast region of 
Louisiana, which the United States purchased from France in 
1813, having been first explored by Father Hennepin over two 
centuries ago. 

The first settlement made in this French territory was at the 
mouth of the Pigeon River, in 1678, by Daniel Greysolon du 
Luth. 

After the acquisition of this vast territory by the United 
States, Lieut. Pike was s-ent by the Governor, in 1805, to explore 
this region. He succeeded in getting as far as Sandy and Leech 
Lakes. 

In 1812 another settlement was made by a party from Red 
River County, British possessions, and in 1819 Fort Snelling 
was established by the Government. Where the flourishing City 
of St. Paul now stands there were only two or three little log 
cabins, built by a small colony of Swiss people from Winnipeg, 
in 1838. 

After eleven years, or in 1849, while this region was a vast 
wilderness, over which the Sioux and other 'Indians roamed, it 
was organized into a territory by the Government. It had a 
population of less than five thousand people, made up of whites 
and half-breeds, who w.ere found around the various trading 
posts and missions. 

Alexander Ramsey was appointed their Territorial Governor 
in 1849, and Henry H. Sibley the first State Governor. 

The Indians, in 1851, ceded all their land west of the Missis- 
sippi, as far as the Sioux River, to the United States, and from 



Twin City Public Schools. 41 

that time on the population increased so rapidly that in six years 
the territory applied to the Union for admission as a State. 

Minnesota is so called from the river that bears its name, 
and signifies "cloudy or sky-tinted waters." It has an area of 
83,365 square miles, with 81 counties, 133 or more rivers, 217 
lakes, and over 1,301,826 inhabitants — there being about 900 Chip- 
pewa Indians. 400 Finns, besides many Laplanders, Russians, 
Danes, Scandinavians and Icelanders. 

In 1849 the Arms of the State was devised. It shows the 
St. Anthony Falls in the distance, a plowman on the prairie 
plowing, while fleeing toward the setting sun is a mounted Indian. 

The motto of the State is, "L'Etoile Du Nord," which 
means, "Star of the North." 

St. Paul, settled in 1846 by emigrants from the East, is the 
capital, and is situated on terraces on the banks of the Mississippi 
River. It has immense manufacturing and railway interests. 

Minneapolis, whose history begins with the building of the 
first house, by Col. John H. Stevens, on the west side of the 
Mississippi River nea*- the Falls of St. Anthony in 1850, is the 
metropolis, and is situated on both sides of the Mississippi River. 
It has great railway shops, iron works, lumber and flour mills. 
Colonel Stevens' house was located about where the Union 
Depot now stands; but in the spring of 1896 the children of the 
public schools of Minneapolis moved this house to a permanent 
site in Minnehaha Park. 

Duluth, the "Zenith City," ships immense quantities of flour 
and wheat over the great lakes to the East. Winona gathers the 
wheat from the southern part of Minnesota and ships it away. 

Minnesota sent over 25,000 soldiers to the Civil War, and 
while her brave men were fighting at the front an Indian mas- 
sacre occurred in the summer of 1862 at Fort Ripley and New 
Ulm. The Sioux Indians rose and cruelly killed over 800 helpless 
women and children. General Sibley was sent to drive the 
savages into Dakota, which he did, capturing 400 Indian warriors 
and 150 white people whom the Indians had captured. Of the 
400 Indians, thirty-eight were hanged at Mankato as murderers. 
Their chief, "Little Crow," was killed. 



42 ^'l(^S Days of the 



MAY THIRTIETH. 

Memorial Day. 



The idea of decorating the soldiers" graves was first thought 
of in tlie Old World, and in the New World it was first ob- 
served in the South, where the Southern ladies decorated the 
graves of their fallen brave before the close of the hostilities 
of 1865. 

Mrs. Henry S. Kimball, of West Philadelphia, Pa., while 
visiting in the South, in 1868. observed the pretty and appro- 
priate custom among her Southern friends, and on returning 
to the North, wrote a letter to General John A. Logan, who. 
was Commander-in-chief of the G. A. R., suggesting that we 
follow the same grand example set by our Southern sisters. 

So impressed was General Logan with the noble idea, 
that he immediately sent an order out stating the idea sug- 
gested by Mrs. Kimball, and was greatly gratified when he 
saw how well it was received and practically adopted by the 
Grand Army of the Republic. He immediately wrote the fol- 
lowing letter to Mrs. Kimball: 

Washington, D. C., July 9, 1868. 

"My Dear Friend — It is very gratifying to me to hear, as 
I do day after day from my friends, of the reception of my 
Order No. 11. As you observe, the custom is a beautiful one, 
and I am confident that it will not only never pass away from 
the recollection of the American people, but will more deeply 
ingraft itself in their hearts, and each returning anniversary 
of sacred decorations will increase in impressive devotion to 
our patriotic dead, and the crowns we weave for them of never 



Twin City Public Schools. 43 

fading laurels, and the beautiful flowers strewn over their graves, 
give birth to sentiments of love and of honor, which bind the 
past, the present and the future in one continuous chain of 
admiration, that the life and service of even the humblest private 
shall never be forgotten. 

"Yours truly, 

"JOHN A. LOGAN." 

This holiday, though celebrated in a more quiet way than the 
Fourth of July, was first known as "Decoration Day" in the 
Northern States, but later as "Memorial Day." 

It is not a national holiday, but forty-two states, including 
territories, have set apart a special day for decorating the soldiers' 
graves and holding appropriate services at their graves. 

In thirty-five states this is observed on the 30th of May of 
each year, and if this day falls on a Sunday, the day before is ob- 
served, unless the day be another legal holiday. 

In the year 1878, on June i, at Springfield, Mass., the follow- 
ing resolution was adopted by the National Encampment: 
"Resolved, That all flags hoisted on 'Memorial Day' be at half 
mast." This signifies mourning; and when the flag is carried 
in the procession on Memorial Day it is draped in honor of the 
soldiers who fell defending the flag. 



44 ^^'■^S Days of the 



JUNE SEVENTEENTH. 

Battle of Bunker Hill. 



Bunker Hill is situated in the eastern part of Charlestown, 
Mass. It is about no feet high and is connected by a ridge to 
Breed's Hill, an elevation about seventy-five feet high. 

These heights are memorable as being the seat of the first 
real battle fought for American Independence, June 17, 1775. 
Colonel Prescott, the American patriot, was sent, on the evening 
of June 16, with a troop of 1,500 men, to fortify Bunker Hill, 
but, on finding its height, he concluded to fortify Breed's Hill 
instead. 

When dawn came the 3,000 British were amazed to see 
thie intrenchments the Americans had thrown up during the 
night, and began cannonading the Americans immediately. 

This failing to do what it was intended it should. 3.000 men. 
under General Howe, were sent to dislodge th.e patriots. Twice 
did the British approach within a few rods, but each time they 
were repulsed with heavy loss. At last. General Clinton arriving 
with reinforcements, the third charge was more successful. 

The Americans had but a scanty supply of powder; it being 
said that there was less than fourteen barrels of powder in the 
whole American army on the day of the battle; so. Colonel 
Prescott lold his men not to fire until they saw the whites of their 
enemies' eyes. When the powder did give out the Americans 
fought bravely with their muskets in a hand-to-hand battle. 

Finally the Americans were forced to retreat, and, although 
the British gained the hill, the victory to them was more 
disastrous and humiliating than an ordinary defeat; while it 



Twin City Public Schools. 45 

was a glorious day for the Americans, and the defeat had the 
efifect of a triumph to them. 

The British lost, in killed and wounded, 1,054 men, while 
the Americans lost only 452 men. Among the Americans who 
were slain was the distinguished patriot. General Joseph Warren, 
who was President of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts. 
General Howe valued this general at the worth of 500 common 
rebels. Major Pitcairn, a noted British officer, was also killed. 

Before the BattLe of Bunker Hill, General Gage sent an 
officer to the American camp, stating that he would pardon 
all American rebels who would lay down their arms; but our 
revolutionary fathers were not made of the back-down material, 
but were noted for their bravery and loyalty to the cause they 
espousicd, and refused the British offer. 

Near the spot, on Breed's Hill, where General Warren fell, 
stands the magnificent Bunker Hill Monument, the corner stone 
of which was laid June 17, 1825, by the noble and brave Marquis 
de Lafaj'ette, who did so much for the independence of America. 



46 I"l(^g Days of the 



JULY THIRD. 

Battle of Gettysburg. 



As the North was being threatened by an invasion from the 
Confederate troops under General Lee, the President called 
upon the states which were in danger to send 100,000 men to 
serve for six months. On the arrival of these men, one of the 
most terrible battles of modern times, and one that was to 
decide the fate of our country, was fought, lasting three days. 

On July I, the first day of the battle, the Confederates ad- 
vancing, unexpectedly met the Union cavalry, commanded by 
General Meade, just west of Gettysburg, on the Chambersburg 
road. 

Neither general had planned to have the fight at Gettys- 
burg, except as a defensive one to cover up their marchings. 

Reinforcements came for both sides and the Federal troops 
were forced back and, becoming tangled in the village streets, 
lost many men as prisoners. 

All night long both sides were preparing themselves for 
the great contest which they now saw close at hand. The Union 
soldiers were situated on a ridge behind the rocks and ledge 
of a stone wall on the crest of Cemetery Ridge; while the Con- 
federates on Seminary Ridge, about a mile and a half away, 
were largely hidden in the woods. Only a field of waving 
grain lay between the two great armies. 

Next day, July 2, in the afternoon, Longstreet, the Con- 
federate leader, led the first grand charge against General 
Sickles, the Union leader, who, being reinforced by General 
Warren, suffered no loss, but was driven back to a better ana 



Twin City Public Schools. 47 

stronger position on the Ridge. Ewell, another Confederate 
leader, made an attack on the Federals' right and secured u 
good position there. This movement encouraged General Lee, 
who, about one o'clock the next afternoon, July 3, opened fire, 
with 150 guns, on the Unionists. The shells fell thick and fast 
for two hours. Then there was a lull and out of the woods, in 
double line of over a mile long, swept a magnificent column of 
18,000 Confederate m.en, on their way to Cemetery Ridge. It 
was our time now, and, as the Confederate lines passed by, our 
guns tore great gaps in their ranks; volleys smote them every- 
where; their lines broke and yet they pushed forward. On each 
side mien admired the splendid courage of their opponents. 
They fought with bayonets, and even hand-to-hand;; so close 
were they sometimes, that the powder scorched their very 
clothes. 

The Federals, finding they were getting the best of it, pushed 
on, still firing, until the Confederates could no longer stand the 
terrible fire, and whole companies of them rushed into the 
Union lines and were taken prisoners, while others fled from 
the field. 

It was a terrible, bloody battle — the most critical of the war 
— for the Confederates never came so near a final success as at 
this time, and now, as they were defeated, and driven out of 
Pennsylvania, Maryland and the upper part of the Shenandoah 
Valley, they found that it was not so easy a matter to push the 
war into the North as they had anticipated. The battle was 
regarded as the turning point of the Civil War, and, although 
a great victory to the Unionists, they lost over 25,000 men, in- 
cluding General Reynolds; while the Confederates lost a greater 
number, among whom were many good officers, the like of 
whom — General Stonewall Jackson, Barksdale, Garnett, Armi- 
sbead, Pender and Semmes — could never be replaced. 

President Lincoln, on the 4th of July, issued the following 
despatch to the people of the North, so gratified was he at the 
success of our army: 

"The President announces to the country that news from 
the Army of the Potomac, up to 10 p. m. of the 3d, is such 



48 f^lag Days of the 

as to cover that army with the highest honor, to promise a greac 
success to the cause of the Union, and to claim the condolence 
of all for the many gallant braves fallen; and that for this he 
especially desires on this day, He, whose will, not ours, should 
ever be done, be everywhere remembered and reverenced with 
profoundest gratitude. 

"A. LINCOLN." 

It seemed strange that while this great battle was being 
fought another of as equal importance was raging, and that on 
July 3, the city of Vicksburg surrendered to General Grant all 
its garrison and war materials. This was a terrible blow to 
the Confederates, but caused the most enthusiastic rejoicings 
among the Unionists, and President Lincoln was serenadefl, 
great speeches were made, and public meetings held all ovei 
the land. 

On account of these victories and others, President Lincoln 
appointed the 6th of August as a day of national thanksgiving, 
and later in November another such day. During the autumn 
of the same year, the State of Pennsylvania purchased a part of 
the battlefield adjoining the cemetery for a burying place for 
the fallen soldiers. It was dedicated on the 19th of November, 
1863, President Lincoln and Hon. E. Everett making touching 
and eloquent addresses. 



Twin City Public Schools. 49 



JULY FOURTH. 

Declaration of Independence. 



During the Revolutionary War it was decided by the patriots 
that nothing now was to be hoped for from England, as their 
former petition to the King for redress of their wrongs had 
resulted in the King's Proclamation declaring the colonists in 
a state of rebellion. So it was decided by Congress that now 
was the time to renounce all allegiance to the crown. 

While Congress was in session, June 7, 1776, Richard Henry 
Lee, of Virginia, rose and moved, "That these united colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, and 
that their political connection with Great Britain is, and ought 
to be, dissolved." 

Whereupon a committee of five, consisting of Thomas 
Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and 
Robert R. Livingston, was appointed to draft a formal declara- 
tion of independence. 

Thomas Jefferson was chosen chairman, and he, with the 
help of John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, drew up the Declar- 
ation, presented it to Congress, July i, and, after three days of 
careful deliberation and inspection, it was amended and passed, 
at 2 o'clock, July 4, 1776, having been signed by John Hancock, 
President of Congress, and Charles Thomson, Secretary. On 
August 2, 1776, all members of Congress, representing the 
thirteen states, signed it. When a remark was passed on the 
largeness of John Hancock's signature, he said: ''The King will 
be able to see that name without the aid of his glasses." 

So the thirteen colonies existed no longer, but in place of 



50 P^^'-'^g Days of the 

them, the grand, new United States of America. How the peo- 
ple, north and south, rejoiced! how they shouted! Bells rang, 
guns were fired and people knelt in prayer, thanking God for 
His goodness to them. They even tore down the leaden statue 
of King George III. in New York, and dragged it through the 
streets, thus dethroning, practically, the King in America. And 
afterwards, when the Americans were in need of bullets, they 
melted this statue and made bullets out of it, and fired them at 
the King's own soldiers. 

Copies of the Declaration were sent to all the conventions, 
assemblies, and to the commanding ofificers of the armies to be 
read to their soldiers. 

Old "Liberty Bell" was the first to proclaim the glad tidings 
over the land, and it is said that it rang "one hundred times" and, 
in so doing, cracked itself with joy. It is a singular fact that, 
when the bell was being cast, which was twenty-three years 
before the Declaration of Independence was signed, on it was 
inscribed the words: "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land 
unto all the inhabitants thereof." 

Although cracked and voiceless now. it is the pride and glory 
of the people of the United States, and is safely guarded in the 
old Independence Hall. It was on exhibition during the World's 
Fair, in Chicago, 111., 1893. 



Twin City Public Schools. 51 



JULY TWENTY-THIRD. 

Establishment of the First School in 
St. Paul. 



In 1S46, the chief of the Kaposia band went to Mr. Bruce, the 
Indian Agent, and asked him to establish a school, as his people 
wanted to reform. Mr. Bruce wrote, immediately, to Dr. Wil- 
liamson, asking him to come and look over the field, which he did 
in November, 1846. 

In order to promote education among the whites and half- 
breeds, he wrote to ex-Gov. Slade, President of the National 
Popular Educational Society, in 1847, requesting him to send 
Miss Harriet E. Bishop to him. 

On her arrival he took her to "Pig's Eye," now known as 
'■'St. Paul," and introduced her to the citizens of the place. 

So Miss Harriet E. Bishop had the honor of opening and 
teaching the first school in the city of St. Paul, in fact in Min- 
nesota, excluding the mission schools, July 23, 1847. The school, 
or rather the blacksmith's hovel, had a bark roof, loose floor, 
and seats made of boards laid across pegs, driven into the walls. 
The visitors' seat was made of a plank, the ends of which were 
placed, one between the cracks of the logs, the other upon a chair. 
In a corner of the room was a hen's nest, and in the center a rick- 
ety old cross-legged table. 

This school was situated on the corner of Third and St. 
Peter streets, near the site of the old brick Presbyterian Church.. 

On the first day of school there were but nme scholars, only 



52 F^i^g Days of the 

two of wliom were white; but when school closed, in the sum- 
mer, there were thirty enrolled. 

A year later the residents of Fort Snelling built a small 
school-house; and in November, 1848, Miss Bishop commenced 
her second term in a new school-house built in the upper part of 
the town. 

In 1849 another school was built in the lower part of the 
town and taught by Miss Mary A. Scofield. These two schools, 
together with the one that the Rev. M. Hobart taught, were kept 
open all winter and numbered in attendance 120. The legisla- 
ture, in 1849, passed laws providing, in the territory of Minne- 
sota, for a common school system. St. Paul was the first to take 
advantage of the acts, and in December of the same year held 
meetings and established three district schools. One, at the 
Methodist Church on Market Street, for boys, taught by Mr. 
Hobart, December loth. Another on Jackson and Fourth Streets, 
taught, by Miss Scofield, December 24, and the third on Bench 
Street, in the log cabin, taught by Miss Bishop. December 24. 

L;uv? were also passed in 1856, making St. Paul one school 
district, and creating a Board of Education which was to consist 
of nine members, elected, three from each ward. 

In 1857, the first regular public school building was erected 
and by the end of the next year there were three public schools 
accommodating 606 pupils and thirteen teachers. At present 
there are forty-five public schools including one central high, a 
manual training and a teachers' training school, and a corps of 
nearly 500 teachers, besides eleven night schools, many private 
and denominational schools and colleges. 

Rev. E. D. Neill, of St. Paul, was appointed the first State 
Superintendent of Schools, and among the city superintendents 
were S. S. Taylor, B. F. Wright, C. B. Gilbert and the present 
superintendent, A. J. Smith. 



Twin City Public Schools. 53 



SEPTEMBER. 

Labor Day. 



Labor Day. a legal holiday, made for the benefit of working 
mankind, was first celebrated, by a few states, in 1887. 

It is observed on the first Monday in September of each 
year, with public exercises, on labor and unions, while a part of 
the day is devoted to recreation. 

All banks, government offices and public buildings are 
closed, and business is suspended. 

In 1894 more than one-half of all the states in the Union 
made a law setting aside this day as a legal holiday. 

To the Europeans is due the credit of instituting a Labor 
Day, they celebrating it, long ago, by demonstrations in favor of 
reforms, etc. It occurs on the first of May in Europe instead of 
in fhe "fall of the year or September. 

The State of Minnesota first observed it on September 6, 
1894. 

The following states and territories observe the day: Colo- 
rado, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, 
New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, California, Washington (D. C), 
Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, 
Montana, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Oregon, Minnesota, 
South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, 
Washington, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama, Idaho, New Mexico, 
New Hampshire, Missouri, Maryland, Rhode Island, Wisconsin 
and Wyoming. 



54 P^'^S Days of the 



SEPTEMBER NINTH. 

Discovery of St. Anthony Falls. 



Father Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan priest, in company 
with La Salle, was commissioned by the French King to explore 
the Mississippi Valley, trade with the Indians, and convert them 
to the Catholic faith. 

When Father Hennepin and La Salle reached the Illinois 
River, La Salle turned back, while Father Hennepin, in company 
with a few Indians, directed his course up the Mississippi as far 
as Mille Lacs. On returning, in the latter part of July or August, 
1680, he pitched his tent on the present site of what is now the 
City of Minneapolis and, on September 9. 1680, Father Hennepin 
gazed upon the great falls which he reverently named "St. 
Anthony Falls," in honor of his patron saint, "Anthony of 
Padua." Father Hennepin is supposed to have been the first 
white man to behold these falls. 

The falls are about five miles above the beautiful Falls 01 
Minnehaha, and are described as being, then, about "forty or 
fifty feet high, divided in the middle by a rocky island of pyra- 
midal form, the river being narrower here than elsewhere, and 
the country on each side being covered with oaks and other 
hardwood, scattered wide apart." 

It was not until eighty-six years after, or in the year 1766, 
that Captain J. Carver visited these falls, he being the second 
white man to behold them. 

During the two centuries that have elapsed the Falls have 
greatly changed, both in appearance and position. The process 
of the undermining of the sand rock, which underlies the lime- 



Twin City Public Schools, 55 

stone, has been constantly at work; so that, in former days, 
these falls were probably in the vicinity of Fort Snelling. The 
limestone edge has been prevented from falling away, by en- 
gineering skill; what, with the hum of the mills and the work- 
ing of machinery, and the crowding of commerce to-day, the 
picturesque charm, which once so justly celebrated the Falls of 
St. Anthony, has been nearly destroyed. 



56 f^^(^g Days of the 



SEPTEMBER NINETEENTH. 

Death of Garfield. 



Called "The Second Martyred President." 
Said: "Ideas are the great warriors of the world." 
James A. Garfield, the twentieth President of the United 
States, was born in a log house, in the backwoods of Orange, 
Ohio, November 19, 1831. At the age of two years, his father 
died, leaving his dear mother, with four children, very poor. 
When four years old his devoted sister, carried him to school 
on her back, so that he could get an education. Thomas, his 
sacrificing brother, did everything he could to help "Jimmy" 
along. At the age of twelve, Garfield helped to support the 
family by working at the carpenter's bench. At sixteen, we find 
him driving mules on a canal boat. Two years later, he enters 
Chester School, and at twenty-one he establishes himself as a 
country school teacher. In his twenty-third year he enters 
Williams College, where he remains, till he graduates, in 1856, 
aged 26. At twenty-seven, we find him principal of the Hiram 
Institute and a year later a member of the Ohio Senate. Three 
years from this, he becomes Colonel of the Forty-second regi- 
ment of Ohio, being but thirty-one years old. At thirty-two he 
is a Major-General, having won honor at Little Creek. On 
reaching his thirty-third year, he was elected a member of the 
Thirty-eighth Congress and, fifteen years after, a member of thp 
United States Senate. On reaching fifty, he becomes the Presi- 
dent of the United Stales. 



Twin City Public Sehools. 57 

On July 2, 1881. as he was in the railroad station of Wash- 
ington, D. C, waiting the arrival of the train which was to bear 
him to Williams College, Massachusetts, where he was to deliver 
the commencement address, he was shot through the body, above 
the third rib, by a disappointed otSce-seeker, Charles J. Guiteau. 
This deed was done '"in the most peaceful and prosperous mo- 
ment that this country has known for half a century, and the shot 
was fired absolutely at a man without personal enemies, and a 
President whom even his political opponents respected." 

The public was horror-stricken at the deed, and around the 
Christian hearth-stones family groups knelt in tearful prayers 
for the restoration of their noble chief. Perhaps so much united, 
earnest prayer for one person, ascending from even the hum- 
blest and remotest hamlet of the nation, was never before 
offered at the throne of grace. Doctors and surgeons were 
speedily summoned and the President was removed to the 
White House in an extremely prostrated, critical, but conscious, 
condition. 

His first thought was about his beloved wife, who was away 
gaining strength after her recent illness. He sent word to her 
to "come home, as he had got hurt." 

As the President was being tenderly lifted out of the am- 
bulance he glanced up at the windows of the White House, 
raised his right hand, and gave the military salute, which 
seemed to say, "Long live the republic." 

Garfield was very calm, hopeful and jovial during his sick- 
ness, and did not give up, although he thought his wound a 
very bad one. and would often say to the doctors, "Don't be 
afraid; tell me frankly; I am ready for the worst, and am not 
afraid to die." 

One day, his son, James, was sobbing at his bedside: his 
father, looking up, said, lovingly, "Don't be alarmed, Jimmy, 
the upper story is all right, it is only the hull that is a little 
damaged." 

' After the arrival of Mrs. Garfield, Mr. Garfield seemed to 
grow better, and the nation thought it would appoint a day for 
thanksgiving; but finally he grew worse and worse, and a day, 



58 Pif^g Days of the 

August 29, was appointed for fasting and prayer, when a whole 
nation bent the kncie to God, beseeching Him to spare their be- 
loved President, if it were His will. God answered their prayers 
for a short time, and Garfield grew better again — so much so, that 
his doctors thought the air of Long Branch, L. I., would be 
more beneficial to him than that of Washington. So the great 
ruler of the nation was borne carefully upon his bed to New 
Jersey, and along the railroad people gathered in silence, with un- 
covered heads and tearful eyes, to watch the train, as it moved 
silently by. 

He was benefited by this change at first, and everybody 
thought he would get well, when, at thirty-five minutes pasc 
two o'clock, at night, after nine weeks of patient suffering, Presi- 
dent Garfield died, September 19, 1881. He died as he wished, 
on the anniversary day of his promotion to Major General at 
Chickamauga. 

By 12 o'clock, on the following morning, bells from Maine to 
California were tolling their sad tidings. Even across the water 
they tolled their church bells out of sympathy for us, and respect 
for our deceased President. Business was suspended, public 
buildings were elaborately draped with the emblems of mourning, 
and everyone mourned. Letters of condolence were sent to the 
nation and family from all over the world. 

Garfield's remains were taken to Washington, where they 
were laid out in state for the thousands of sorrow-stricken people 
to see. The casket was covered with exquisite flowers, among 
them being a costly tribute, of the most elaborate floral design, 
from Queen Victoria. 

After the impressive services, his body was conveyed to the 
train, which was so heavily draped in mourning that not a 
particle of woodwork could be seen; and thence to Ohio, his old 
home, for burial. Along the route, from Washington to Cleve- 
land, the emblems of sorrow were shown. On arriving at the 
depot, a hearse with four black horses and four colored grooms 
carried the remains to the City Park, where services were held, 
and the people paid their last sad respects to their mortal chief. 
Perhaps no city in the world was ever draped so beautifully and 



Twin City Public Schools. 59 

expensively as was the City of Cleveland, Ohio. Even men, 
women and children wore black or a bow of crape out of respect. 
The funeral procession was one of solemnity and grandeur. 
It was over six miles long, and the beautiful hearse, drawn by 
twelve beautiful black chargers, four abreast, having mourning 
plumes on their heads, and a black cloth fringed with silver over 
them, each attended by a colored groom, was a grand sight to be- 
hold. 

So, amidst the magnificent and abundant floral display, the 
"Martyred Chief" of the land was laid to rest. 

The words uttered by Garfield, on hearing of the death of 
Abraham Lincoln, were only too true of himself. He said: 
"This day will be sadly memorable so long as this nation shall 
endure, which, God grant, may be 'till the last syllable of record- 
ed time,' when the volume of human history shall be sealed up 
and delivered to the Omnipotent Judge." 

Garfield's assassin, Charles J. Guiteau, born in America, was 
an eccentric, weak-minded lawyer forty years of age. He had 
tried in vain to get an appointment as consul to some foreign 
country, but failed, and, being disappointed, thought that if he 
could get Garfield out of the way his supposed party could carry 
everything their own way. 

He was arrested immediately after firing the shot and lodged 
in the District jail. He wrote a letter to General Sherman asking 
for protection while in jail. He received what the law allowed 
criminals. 

He was tried November 14, 1881, convicted January 25, 
sentenced February 4, and hanged June 30, 1882. 

He had no accomplices in the matter. 



6o F^'^g Days of the 



OCTOBER TWELFTH. 

Discovery of America. 



Columbus, the son of a poor wool-comber, was born at 27 
Ponticello street, Genoa, Italy, about 1435. 

At the age of fourteen, he began his sea-faring life, of which 
he made a success. 

In 1473, he married Philippa Perestrelo and had one child, a 
boy, Diego. 

All through his life Columbus conceived the idea that the 
earth was round and that by sailing westward across the Atlantic 
ocean he would find a nearer route to Cathay or East Indies 
than the route they had. 

When quite old. more from disappointment than age, he ask- 
ed aid of four different courts, viz., Italy, Portugal, England and 
Spain. 

After many trials and disappointments, he finally received 
aid from Queen Isabella of Spain, who fitted out two small ves- 
sels with 102 men. One, the "Pinta," that saw land first, and 
the other "Nina, the Baby." The "Santa Maria," Columbus' 
flagship, was fitted out by Columbus and his friends and was the 
largest of the fleet. 

Queen Isabella promised Columbus the title of viceroy of all 
the lands he discovered, one-eighth of all the precious products, 
and his "say" in all matters concerning his discoveries. This 
agreement between the Queen and Columbus was signed April 
17, 1492. 

Four months later, on Friday, August 3, he sailed from 
Palos, Spain, and landed Friday, October 12, 1492, on Guanahani, 



Twin City Public Schools. 6i 

or Cat Island, now known as Watling Island. He planted the 
Spanish flag and knelt down and thanked God for his safe de- 
liverance. Thinking he had reached India, he named the natives 
Indians and the island San Salvador, which meant "Holy 
Savior." 

It is said that the first man to land of¥ Columbus' fleet was an 
Irishman named Williams; the second, an Englishman named 
Law or Larkins. 

Columbus remained several months on this island hunting 
for gold and Cathay, neither of which he found. 

Through the carelessness of his cabin-boy, the Santa Maria 
was wrecked at Hayti, so Columbus built a fort out of what was 
left of it and. Leaving one-half of his crew at Hayti. returneu 
home on the Nina, taking some of the natives and products with 
him. 

On arriving in Spain, he was received by the King and 
Queen with great pomp and joy, being called "Your Excellency 
Don Christopher Columbus, Admiral and Duke," instead of "The 
Crazy Explorer," as he was formerly called. Nothing seemed 
too good for Columbus at that time. Eevrybody loved and ad- 
mired him. 

There was no trouble now in getting ships or men to return 
with him, as everybody was anxious about the discovery of gold. 

In September, 1493, with a fleet of seventeen ships and 15,000 
men, Columbus started 6n his second expedition. His new flag- 
ship was called "Maria Galante." 

He landed at Jamaica and Porto Rico the second time, and 
then went in search of the men he had left, and found that the 
Indians had killed them all and destroyed his fort. Returning to 
the islands, he captured some of the Indians and sent them to 
Spain, on the second expedition, to be sold as slaves, so as to de- 
fray some of his expenses and buy cattle for his men, who wert 
becoming somewhat mutinous. Columbus' second expedition 
was a failure, and he went back to Spain sick and down-hearted, 
and, instead of being received with pomp and show as he 
was the first time, he was obliged to disguise himself as a peni- 
tent priest in order to enter the city, so powerful were . his 



62 F^(^g Days of the 

enemies, who were jealous of him. However, the King and 
Queen pardoned him when he related his story about his hard- 
ships and mutinous men. They fitted him out, for the third 
time, with six ships and men, and in the year 1498 he discovered 
the mouth of the Orinoco River, South America. 

As there were still hard feelings among Columbus' men. 
Bobadilla was sent over from Spain to set matters right. On 
arriving, lie ordered Columbus and his brother to be seized, 
chained and thrown in prison, Bobadilla hating them so. After 
a few days they were hurried ofif to Spain for trial and punish- 
ment. Columbus looked at his chains and said: "I shall keep 
them always as relics and memorials of my services." 

The King and Queen ordered the chains taken ofif Columbus 
and had him released. They also sent him $5,000 and word to 
come and see them immediately. He did, and again asked for 
ships, money and men to make a fourth voyage. 

After waiting for two years, he received four small caravels 
and 160 men. He now makes his last voyage, 1502, at the age 
of fifty-six years. 

On his arrival in the West Indies, 1502. he was refused ad- 
mittance by Bobadilla, who shortly afterwards was drowned at 
sea. Columbus then turned his fleet in another direction and dis- 
covered Central America, and for the first time in his life stood on 
the real soil of America. He named this spot Veragua. which 
has become the title of the family of Columbus. The Duke of 
Veragua, a relative of Columbus, is still living. He visited the 
United States in 1893, during the World's Fair. 

Columbus, on finding that his vessel leaked, begged help 
from the Governor of Hayti. He received it, in the shape of 
being sent home to Spain, sick, unnoticed, unhonored. and un- 
welcomed. 

On arriving home. Columbus found the Queen dead, and he 
with but few friends and, although very sick, he managed to 
crawl to see the King, but he would do nothing for him. 

So the great "Discoverer of America" gave up in despair, 
dying in poverty at No. 7 Columbus avenue, Valladolid, Spain, 
1506. aged sixty years. 



Twin City Public Schools. 63 

He was quietly buried and, since his first burial, his remains 
have been moved from one place to another, and today they are 
supposed to be in a leaden casket in the Cathedral of Santa 
Domingo, West Indies. His chains were buried with him, by 
request. 

Over a dozen places, in the Old World and the New, have 
built monuments and statues in his honor. The United States, 
alone, has named over sixty towns and villages after him. 

So the great discoverer, who thought he had reached Cathay, 
instead of being 5,000 miles away from it, died ignorant of the 
fact of his great discovery. It was his faith and persistence that 
discovered America, and opened a way for millions who now cail 
it their home. 

In 1893, the four hundred and first anniversary of the discov- 
ery of America was celebrated by a grand World's Fair, in the 
City of Chicago. Illinois. 



64 ^^'^^ Days of the 



OCTOBER NLNETEENTH. 

Surrender of Cornwallis. 



Lord Cornwallis. commander of the British forces, fortified 
himself at Yorktown, a village situated on the York river, about 
seven miles from Chesapeake Bay, while Lafayette positioned 
his troops on tlie peninsula a few miles ofif and waited patiently 
for reinforcements from Washington, which arrived in a very 
short time. 

Washington, the commander of the American forces, and 
Rochambeau, the commander of the French troops at the north, 
had been threatening New York, but they quietly withdrew their 
forces before Clinton was aware of what they were doing, and 
proceeded on their way to Virginia to hem Cornwallis in. 

For Clinton to pursue the Americans now was useless, and 
Cornwallis found that he could neither get out of Yorktown, 
now, nor get provisions in. as the English ships that were sent to 
his relief were turned back by a strong French fleet that had been 
stationed at the entrance of the Chesapeake Bay for that purpose. 

About the last of September, the British, numbering i6,ooj. 
men, took up position, and were ready for battle. 

A terrible battle ensued; the outworks of the British were 
stormed and burned, their ships were burned near the coast, and 
they were repulsed at every point by the Americans. So near 
were the Americans' cannon to the British line that Cornwalli.^ 
began to look about him for means of escape. Only one way was 
afYorded him, and that was a cruel and hazardous one. It was 
to break through the French lines of 2,000 strong, first destroying- 
all his baggage, and to leave his sick and wounded to the 



Twin City Public Schools. 65 

mercy of the enemy. Nev.ertheless Cornwallis tried it, but failed 
in the attempt, being heavily repulsed by the enemy. There 
was nothing left now for Cornwallis to do but to surrender, 
seeing his other chances were hopeless. The terms of surrender 
were arranged at Moore's house, which was situated on the York 
river near the Americans' line. 

So, on the 19th of October, 1781, over 7,000 men laid down 
their arms in the presence of the victorious Americans. The 
scene was a very impressive one. The American army was 
drawn up in two lines over a mile long, with General Washington 
mounted on his noble horse, and attended by his officers and 
forces, on one side, with Rochambeau and his stafif, at the head of 
the French forces, on the other side. 

The British soldiers, with muskets shouldered, banners furled 
and sullen looks, appeared with their drums beating a British 
march, and marched with irregular steps slowly down between 
the American lines. 

Lord Cornwallis did not surrender his sword himself, but 
sent it by General O'Hara. General Washington sent General 
Lincoln to receive it, because, a year or so ago, Cornwallis made 
General Lincoln surrender his sword to him at the Battle of 
Charleston. 

The British soldiers were then ordered to pass into an ad- 
joining field and commanded to lay down their arms. The red- 
coats were so vexed at this that many of them threw them down 
with such force as to break them. After this scene the prisoners 
were led back to Yorktown, where they were to await the orders 
of Congress. ^ 

Thus the proud English people lost at one blow over 7,000 
men, besides all their cannon, muskets, powder, balls and pro- 
visions. 

The news of this great American victory soon spread over the 
country like wild fire, and the joyful tidings were announced by 
bells ringing, cannon shooting and men shouting "'Past two 
o'clock and Cornwallis is taken." 

It is said that "an old man, the doorkeeper of Congress, 
dropped dead from joy on hearing the news." People went to 



66 ^^^^S I^f-^y^ <^f ^h^ 

church to give thanks, business was suspended for a time, and 
the names of Washington. Rochambeau and Lafayette were on 
the lips of everyone. 

When Lord North, of England, heard the news, he acted as 
if he had received a cannon ball in his breast, for he thought 
Cornwallis could do anything. 

Congress met and appointed the 13th of December. 1781, as 
a general thanksgiving day. 

Thus the surrender of Cornwallis practically put an end to 
the long, tyrannical and bloody War of the Revolution. 



Twin City Public Schools. 67 



NOVEMBER NINETEENTH. 

The Establishment of the First 
School in Minneapolis. 



Rev. J. D. Stevens, a missionary of the Presbyterian Church, 
taught the first school within the present limits of the City of 
Minneapolis in 1836. It v^^as situated on the banks of Lake 
Harriet, and the pupils were native Americans, or Sioux Indians. 
When school first opened November 19, there were six full- 
blooded Indian children, none of whom could speak a word ot 
English. 

The next school taught in what is now the City of Minne- 
apolis was a private school opened by a Miss E. Backus, June 
I, 1849. It was a small frame building, or shanty, seating but 
twenty pupils, and was situated on Second street, near Second 
avenue south, St. Anthony. As the number of pupils increased 
so rapidly, it was found necessary to build another school, which 
they occupied in the winter. 

The first public school was taught, for a time, by a Mr. Lee. 
This school was built on the East Side, by subscriptions obtained 
from a few of the pioneers. Among those who attended thi> 
school were Helen and Abner Godrey, Mortimer, Daniel, John 
and Sarah Rollins, Luella Tuttle, Emery and Elmer Worthington, 
and the children of Charles Mosseau and Pierre Bottineau. 

The city at this time was divided into two divisions, known 
as the East and West divisions. 

Turning to the West Division of the river, we find, on the 



68 i^i^'-g Days of the 

banks of the river near Second street and Eighth avenue south, 
an old governmental log building, which was used for school 
purposes, in 1851, by Miss Mary Schofield. 

On December 3, 1852, Miss Mary E. Miller, now Mrs. M. 
B. Robinson, of this city, commenced school, with twelve chil- 
dren, in a small house on the corner of Third avenue south and 
Second street — the present site of the woolen factory. Miss Hart- 
well, now Mrs. J. D. Taylor, taught school in 1854. at the corner 
of Fourth street and Hennepin avenue, later at Thirtieth and 
Thirty-fifth streets south. ^ 

December 5th, Charles Hoag, known as the district school 
teacher of Minneapolis, taught school for four months in District 
No. 5. 

In 1855, definite measures were taken to erect a public school 
building. 

A union school was then built and opened in 1858, on the 
West Side, with George B. Stone as principal, and an attendance 
of 350 scholars. 

The first rules governing the schools were then published. 
In the same year, the East Division was incorporated as the 
City of St. Anthony. Two years before, 1856, the West Division 
was incorporated as a town; but a city government was not or- 
ganized until 1858; this was given up later. In 1867, it was again 
incorporated as the City of Minneapolis. 

By an act of the Legislature, 1872, the cities of St. Anthony 
and Minneapolis were consolidated, but the school systems then 
in force in each division were to remain the same, under the 
direction of the Board of Education of the East and West 
Divisions of Minneapolis. When, by another act of the Legis- 
lature, approved March 7, 1878, the two school divisions were 
united under the one head and the Board of Directors of the 
West Division of Minneapolis, ceased to exist, April i. 1878, 
and in place of it were elected, from the whole city, seven di- 
rectors, who were to have control of all public school matters, 
and who were incorporated as "The Board of Education of the 
City of Minneapolis." 

There are now fifty-six graded public schools, four high 



Twin City Piiblic Schools. 69 

schools and a corps of nearly 800 teachers, to say nothing of 
the private schools and colleges. 

To show the progress of the public school system and the 
good work done by the Board of Education, assisted by their able 
superintendents, it will be well to note that in 1868, only thirty 
years ago, there were but twenty-seven teachers in the public 
schools. 

Dr. Neill was appointed, by Governor Ramsey, in 1851, the 
first territorial superintendent of schools. Mr. A. S. Kissell, W. 
O. Hiskey, O. V. Tousley, John E. Bradley and Charles M. 
Jordan have served as city superintendents of the schools, C. M. 
Jordan still serving in that capacity at the present time. 



70 Fi'-ig Days of the 

NOVEMBER. 

Thanksgiving Day. 



A day, now appointed by the President of the United States, 
and then by the Governor of the State, for giving thanks to God, 
for his mercies to mankind through the year. 

It is generally celebrated on the last Thursday in November, 
when the harvest is duly over. 

Thanksgiving is only celebrated in those states which have 
provided for it by law, and the President's proclamation only 
makes it such for such states. 

Thanksgiving had its origin among the little band of Pil- 
grims of Plymouth, Mass. The Puritans first celebrated it in 
the fall of the year 1623, when, for the first time, the harvest was 
Sicemingly abundant, and peace reigned, not only among them- 
selves, but between the Puritans and Indians, and their dwellings 
were unmolested. 

How the Puritan children rejoiced on this day — the first feast 
day in their new home — when there would be plenty of pies, cakes, 
puddings and wild turkey: yes, and pop-corn, too! The Pilgrims 
even invited strangers to their feast, the strangers being the 
good chief, Massasoit, and his one hundred braves, who eagerly 
accepted the invitation, and not only came to dinner, but early 
enough for breakfast, and, on departing after tea, said, in way of 
congratulations or thanks to the colonists, who had been so kind 
and hospitable to them, "The Great Spirit loves his white children 
best." 

Thus, from this first thanksgivmg, sprang the thanksgiving 
time all over the New England States, and at the present time 
has become almost a national one, being observed in all the states, 
though in som.e it is not a statutory holiday. 



Twin City Public Schools. 71 



DECEMBER SEVENTEENTH. 

Whittier's Birthday. 



Called "The Quaker Poet." 

John G. Whittier, the most American of all American poets, 
and universally recognized as the prophet poet, was born of 
Quaker parentage on a farm near Haverhill, Mass., December 
17, 1807. 

His father being a poor farmer, Greenleaf was obliged to 
work on the farm during the summer and attend school in the 
winter. 

His imaginations were first aroused after reading a volume 
of Burns, which had been loaned to him by the country school- 
master. 

He then began to write poetry, much to the dislike of his 
father, who forbid him to do so. 

His first poem, "The Exile's Departure," was published with- 
out Greenleaf's name, in the Garrison paper. His eldest sister 
sent it to the paper, he not knowing anything about it. It was 
received with great favor among the literary people, but no one 
knew it was poor little Greenleaf's work. 

As his father could not afiford to send Greenleaf to an 
academy, and as Greenleaf "wanted to go very much, he learned 
how to make ladies' shoes and slippers, and so earned enough to 
send himself to Haverhill Academy for six months, after which 
he taught school for one year, so as to earn enough money to 
go the other six months. He studied for two years at the 
academy, and then engaged in journalism' in Boston; later he 
became the editor of the "Haverhill Gazette," "New England 



72 t^l'^g I^ays of the 

Wceklj' Review" and the "Pennsylvania Freeman," the office of 
the latter being burned by an infuriated mob, on account of its 
anti-s]aver\- opinions. 

He was elected to the Legislature of Massachusetts in 1835, 
and was secretary of the National Anti-Slavery Society. He was 
very strongly associated with William Lloyd Garrison in the 
anti-slavery movement. He wrote, up to the time of his death, 
for the "National Era" and "Atlantic Monthly." 

He died at Hampton Falls, N. H.. September 7. 1892, aged 
85 years. 

His poem, "Snow Bound," describing his home and a big 
snow storm that occurred during his childhood, was written by 
request. This house, that he speaks of, is still standing and is 
open to visitors. The things are kept in the same order as when 
Greenleaf lived there. 

The poem. "In School Days," describes the old country 
school-house which he attended when a boy, and the little girl 
he loved. She died in girlhood and Whittier never married, so 
fondly attached to her was he. 

Whittier loved children and pets. Among his pets were 
Charlie, the parrot; Friday, the squirrel; his mocking-bird, 
David; Robin Adair, his big shepherd dog, and Jackanapes, his 
little dog. 

"The Barefoot Boy" is a poem written by Whittier describ- 
ing his own happy country life when a boy. 

He also wrote "Maud Muller," "Barbara Frietchie." and 
many other delightful poems. 

Most of his poems savor of sympathy, honorable labor, en- 
forced poverty, nature, humanity and Godliness. 



Twin City Public Schools. 



73 



DECEMBER TWENTY-SECOND. 

Landing of the Pilgrims. 



About seventy years before the Landing of the Pilgrims, 
the state religion of England was changed from the Roman 
Catholic to the Protestant; but still a large number of people were 
not satisfied, as there was too much form and government and 
not enough of the pure word of God. So many of these people 
wandered away from their old homes, to different parts of Eng- 
land, and set up local churches of their own. These people were 
called Separatists or Independents, and later Puritans, because 
they believed in the pure word of God. They still believed in the 
State Church, but they wanted a change in the government of 
the church. 

This was refused them, and if they did not comply with the 
state rules they were punished. So, in 1608, they fied to Holland, 
in order to worship God as they pleased. They were now called 
Pilgrims, because they wandered away from their native home. 

After living peaceably among the Hollanders for tw.elve 
years, they began to fear, as their children were growing up, that 
they would marry among the Dutch people, and, as they seem«d 
to be a worldly class, the Pilgrims thought it best to go to a 
land where they could still worship God as they pleased and also 
save their families from the worldly follies of the Dutch. 

Having heard much about America, they agreed to seek 
refuge there. So one day, a few men, women and children 
boarded the Mayflower and Speedwell arid sailed for the New 
World. The Speedwell becoming worthless, they abandoned 



74 P^^*^^ Days of the 

her, and the Mayflower, with about 102 passengers, went alone 
on her long and dangerous voyage, seeking a new home. 

On the 22d of December. 1620. amid the winter snow and 
cold, this little band of Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, or on 
Plymouth Rock, Mass. Mary Chilton was the first woman to 
step foot on shore. 

The Pilgrims named this spot Plymouth, after the old Eng- 
lish town of Plymouth, it being the last place they saw when 
sailing away from their native land. 

Before landing, Governor Carver gathered the people to- 
gether in the little cabin of the Mayflower and drew up a compact 
in which "they agreed to enact just and equal laws which all 
should obey." 

The storm still raged; yet, through the snow and sleet, the 
sturdy, true-hearted and sober-minded men commenced to build 
rude huts for their families. 

The first winter was a severe one. and they suffered much. 
Everybody seemed sick or discouraged: at one time there were 
but seven persons well out of the whole band and, when spring 
came, half their little band had died: yet not one of the company 
thought of returning to England. 

They were not troubled much with the Indians, as a pesti • 
lence had broken out in the tribe which was nearest to them, 
and had exterminated them. 

Later on, in the spring, they were startled by a sound of 
"welcome," in broken English, given by Samoset, an Indian. 
Soon Massasoit, his chief, came and made a treaty with the 
Pilgrims which lasted for fifty years. Cannonicus, another 
chief, once sent to the Pilgrims a bundle of arrow heads wrapped 
in a rattlesnake's skin. Governor Bradford, the second governor, 
returned the skin to the Indian filled with shot and powdei. 
Each party knew what this meant, and did not molest one 
another. 

The Pilgrims had many trials and tribulations, yet they 
were thankful to God for all his favors to them. 

It is said that "Elder Brewster was wont, over a meal con- 
sisting only of clams, to return thanks to God, who had given 



Twin City Public Schools. 75 

them to suck the abundance of the seas, and of the treasures hid 
in the sands." 

Four years after the landing, the Pilgrims numbered only 
184. So it was decided to assign land to each settler and let him 
work it himself, as the plan of working in common had failed. 

From this abundance ensued and prosperity came. As the 
colony was never organized by a royal charter, they elected their 
own governors and made their own laws for seventy-two years. 
But in 1692, by order of the King of England, the Plymouth 
colony was united with the Massachusetts Bay colony and took 
the name of Massachusetts. Its population then numbered about 
8,000, scattered throughout several towns. 

The Pilgrims were a strict religious people. On Sunday 
morning they would all assemble, by the beat of the drum, and 
march three abreast, the men with their muskets over their 
shoulders, to the little square, wooden meeting-house, which was 
somewhat of a fort, too, with its six small cannon on top, to 
listen to a dry sermon, two or four hours long, and woe be to 
the one who fell asleep during the services. The women were 
seated on one side of the house and the men on the other. 

Their laws were very rigid, and for a very small offense they 
were punished by ducking, whipping or by being put in the 
stocks, head, hands, or feet. 



76 Flag Days of the 



DECEMBER TWENTY-FIFTH. 

Christmas. 



The Anniversary of the birthday of our Lord and Savior, 
Jesus Christ. 

The first certain traces of the institution of the festival of 
Christ's nativity to be observed are found about the time of 
Emperor Commodus, 180-192 A. D., although it is attributed, by 
the false Decretals, to Telesphurus, who flourished in the reign 
of Antonius Pius in 138- 161 A. D. 

The period of observing the nativity among the early 
churches does not appear with any uniformity, for some held 
the festival in the month of January, while others in April, or 
May. 

Some claim that it could not be held on the 2Sth of De- 
cember, as in Judea at that time the rainy season is at its greatest 
height, and shepherds could hardly be watching their flocks by 
night on the plains. 

Again, among the causes that would fix it on the 2Sth of 
December as the proper period, and perhaps the most powerful 
one, is, that almost all the heathen nations regarded the winter 
solstice as the most important point of the year; as the beginning 
of the renewed life and activity of the powers of nature, and of 
the gods. 

The Celts and Germans, from ■ the oldest times, celebrated 
this season with great festivities and held their great Yule feast 
in commemoration of the return of the fiery sun-wheel; and many 
of the beliefs and usages of the old Germans, and also the 
Romans, relating to this matter, passed over from heathenism 



Twin City Public Schools. 77 

to Christianity. But the church sought to do away with the 
deep-rooted heathenish feehngs and feasts, so devised the liturgy, 
besides the dramatic representations of the birth of Christ and 
the first event of his life. 

So Christmas not only became the parent of many later 
festivals, but from it sprang the Christmas Cycle, which surpas- 
sed all other groups of Christian holidays in the manifold rich- 
ness of its festal usages and furthered, more than any other, 
the completion of the orderly and systematic distinction of church 
festivals over the whole year. 

So sprang the so-called "Manger Songs," and a multitude 
of Christmas carols, and later the Christ tree, or Christmas tree, 
adorned with lights and gifts, and the custom of exchanging 
presents, especially Christmas cards gaily illustrated with 
Christmas greetings. 

Christmas is celebrated in different ways by d liferent people 
of dififerent religions. 

Within the last hundred years the festivities once appropriate 
to Christmas have much fallen off, as Christmas in the olden days 
often lasted for days and days. 

Great events often fell on Christmas Day; for instance, the 
crowning of Charlemagne and William the Conqueror happened, 
the former m 800 A. D., the latter in 1060 A. D., also the con- 
version of the Franks took place on Christmas Day, A. D. 496. 

To the Dutch we owe our Christmas visit of Santa Claus. 



References. 



True Story of Christopher Columbus (Brooks). 
Stories of Colonial Children (Pratt). 
Christmas in America (Butterworth). 
Life of Washington (Irving and Johnson). 
United States Histories (Montgomery's, Barnes's, Eclectic). 
Annual Cyclopedia (1887). 
History of Minnesota (Atwater). 
Five Cent Classics. 
New England Sunday. 
Strange and Curious Punishments. 
Father Hennepin. 

From Pioneer Days to White House (Thayer). 
Assassination of Lincoln (Harris). 
Life of Lincoln (Coflfin). 
Whittier With the Children. 
A Story of Garfield (Rutherford). 
From Log Cabin to White House (Thayer). 
Harper's School Speaker (Vols, i and 2). 
Harper's National Fifth Reader. 
Swett's Common School Selections. 
Selections from Webster. 

Whittier's, Bryant's, Lowell's. Longfellow's and Hemans' 
Poems. 

Merrill's Advanced Third and Fourth Readers. 

Life of Lowell (Brown and Scudder). 

Notes of Whittier's Life and Friendships (Fields). 

Children's Life of Lincoln (Putnam). 

Description of La Salle and Hennepin. 

History of Ramsey County and City of St. Paul. 

History of City of Minneapolis. 

Journal of Education (1887; Vol. 25). 

Chambers' Cyclopedia. 

Zell's Cyclopedia. 

Johnson's Cyclopedia. 

Life of Columbus (Irving). 

Boys of '75. 

Boys of '61. 

Orations on Lafayette (Adams). 

Clinton and Cornwallis Controversy (Earl). 

Scudder's History. 

Minnesota and Its Resources (Bond). 



Notes. 



So Notes. 



A'otcs. 



82 Notes. 



Notes. 83 



Nflt^s. 



Notei. 



86 Notes. 



Notes. 



Notes. 



